IELTS Listening · Cam 4

Test 2 Part 4

So far in these lectures we've been looking at crimes like robbery And murder, both from a historical viewpoint and also in contemporary society.

Level: B1 · 83 sentences

Transcript

  1. So far in these lectures we've been looking at crimes like robbery
  2. And murder, both from a historical viewpoint and also in contemporary society.
  3. And we've seen that the preoccupation in Western society with crime
  4. And with lawlessness is part of a long
  5. And continuous tradition rather than something which is new
  6. And unique to modern society.
  7. But over the past 70 years or so,
  8. There has been a massive increase in one type of crime,
  9. Which is what's known as corporate crime.
  10. Corporate crime is crime which, as the name suggests,
  11. Is connected with companies, with business organizations.
  12. It includes illegal acts of either individuals
  13. Or a group within the company.
  14. But what is important is that these acts are normally in accordance with the goals of the company.
  15. They're for the good of the company rather than the individual.
  16. It's been defined as, quote, crime which is committed for the corporate organization, the company, not against it, unquote.
  17. So crimes like theft by employees,
  18. Things like embezzlement or fraud against one's actual employer,
  19. Are excluded according to this definition.
  20. The employees may be involved,
  21. But they're acting in the first place for the company.
  22. They may not even realize they're committing a crime.
  23. Or they may realize, but they feel it's excusable because it's policy.
  24. Or because otherwise they may lose their jobs.
  25. So here really we're talking about the links between power and crime.
  26. Now this is one area that much less is generally known about than conventional or traditional crime.
  27. It has been relatively ignored by the mass media.
  28. For example, it tends to be underreported in comparison with conventional crime
  29. And news broadcasts, and in crime serials and films and so on.
  30. They very rarely deal with corporate crime.
  31. And it also tends to be ignored in academic circles.
  32. There's been far more research on conventional crime,
  33. And far more data is available.
  34. There are several reasons for this lack of interest in corporate crime compared with other types of crime.
  35. It's often very complex, whereas with conventional crime,
  36. It's usually possible to follow what's going on without specialist knowledge.
  37. As well as this, whereas conventional crime usually has a lot of human interest, corporate crime often has much less.
  38. The third reason, and possibly the most significant one,
  39. Is that very often the victims are unaware.
  40. They think their misfortune is an accident
  41. Or that it's the fault of no one in particular.
  42. They're unaware that they've been victims of a crime.
  43. So when we look at the effects of corporate crime,
  44. We may find it's very difficult to assess the costs,
  45. But these costs can be very considerable in both their economic and social aspects.
  46. Let's look at the economic costs first.
  47. For example, if a company is producing fruit juice
  48. And it dilutes its product so
  49. That it's just a little below the concentration it should be,
  50. Many millions of people may be paying a small amount extra for their carton of orange juice.
  51. Now, small amounts like this may seem insignificant for individual customers,
  52. Too small to worry about.
  53. But for the company...
  54. This deception might result in massive illegal profit.
  55. However, all studies of corporate crime agree
  56. That the individuals are in fact deprived of far more money by such crime than they are by conventional crime like robbery and theft.
  57. In addition to this, we have to consider the social costs of corporate crime, and these are again very difficult to assess, but they are considerable. They're important.
  58. Because they can undermine the faith of the public in the business world.
  59. And also, more importantly, because the main group of people they affect are in fact not the richer sections of society, but the poorer.
  60. So here, companies are robbing the poor to benefit the rich.
  61. There are two more points to do with corporate crime
  62. That I'd like to illustrate with reference to a specific event which occurred several years ago.
  63. This was an explosion of a large oil tanker,
  64. Which caused the loss of more than fifty lives of the crew.
  65. It was an explosion which never should have happened,
  66. And a subsequent inquiry laid the blame not on anyone
  67. Who had actually been on the tanker at the time,
  68. But on the owners of the tanker.
  69. They had deliberately decided not to carry out necessary repair work on the tanker as it was due to be sold.
  70. And it was this lack of repair work which was directly responsible for the explosion.
  71. Now, this illustrates two points to do with corporate crime.
  72. First of all, that it does not have to be intentional.
  73. The owners of the tanker certainly did not intend it to explode,
  74. But very serious consequences can result from people
  75. Or organizations not considering the possible results of their actions seriously enough.
  76. The main crime here was indifference.
  77. To the human results, rather than actual intention to harm anyone.
  78. But that didn't make the results any less tragic.
  79. And this leads me to my second point,
  80. That corporate crime can have very severe consequences.
  81. It's not just a matter of companies making bigger profits than they should do, but of events which may affect the lives of innocent people.
  82. And yet very often, companies, because they say they didn't intend to harm anyone, can avoid taking responsibility for the results of their actions,
  83. And that has been a very dangerous loophole in the law.